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Kelly is a 36-year-old female who has a history of type 2 diabetes, several respiratory infections as a child, and two full-term pregnancies (5 and 7 years ago). Two days ago, she began feeling a burning sensation when urinating. Her pain is progressively getting worse. Kelly assumes that she has a urinary tract infection (UTI) and makes an appointment at her primary clinic to seek relief.

1.) Aside from being female, which other risk factor is mentioned in Kellys history?

2.) Having female anatomy is a major risk factor for UTIs. Briefly describe, in your own words, why this is true.

3.) Kelly will likely be prescribed short-course antibiotics for treatment. She may also be prescribed an analgesic. How would this help her, physiologically?

4.) List and describe 3 steps Kelly can take to prevent UTIs in the future.

5.) An x-ray confirms the presence of multiple kidney stones. If Daniel is not treated, what are possible complications? List and briefly describe 2 possible complications.

6.) Why might Daniels doctor ask him about his diet? Briefly explain how his diet might be related to his condition.

7.) Which parts of Daniels history contribute to his risk for kidney stones?

8.) List and briefly describe 3 steps Daniel can take to prevent future renal lithiasis.